Izindaba - Ukuthobela i-LFGB kanye ne-FDA kwe-Wooden Kitchenware: Imikhawulo Yokufuduka kwe-Formaldehyde, Ukuhlolwa Kokufuduka Kokumboza, kanye Nohlu Lokuhlola Lwemibhalo

I-LFGB kanye ne-FDA yizinhlaka ezimbili eziyinhloko zomthetho ezilawula izinto zasekhishini zokhuni ezimakethe zaseYurophu nase-US.
Ukufuduka kwe-formaldehyde kusuka emabhodini okusika okhuni akumele kudlule u-15 mg/kg ngaphansi kwezindinganiso zokuhlola ze-EU.
Ukuhlolwa kokufuduka kokumboza kulinganisa kokubili ukufuduka okuphelele (umkhawulo we-EU ongu-10 mg/dm2) kanye nokufuduka kwento ethile.
Abangenisi badinga imibhalo eyisikhombisa ebalulekile: amaphepha edatha yokuphepha kwezinto ezibonakalayo, imibiko yokuhlola, i-DoC, isitifiketi se-FSC, ukuhlolwa kwe-GMP, imininingwane, kanye nemibiko yezidakamizwa ezinqunyelwe.
Ukuvuselelwa kokuhlolwa kwaminyaka yonke kuyanconywa ngisho nangaphandle kwezinguquko zomkhiqizo ukuze kuhlale kusesikhathini ngemithetho eshintshayo.
Isitifiketi se-FSC siyasekela kodwa asithathi indawo yokuhlolwa kokuhambisana nokudla.

Okuqukethwe

Isimo Esilawulwayo Sezinto Zokupheka Zokhuni

Sisiza abathumeli ukuthi bahambise izinto zasekhishini zokhuni neze-bamboo baye e-EU noma e-United States kudinga ukuthi balandele imithethonqubo yezinto zokuxhumana zokudla ehlukene phakathi kwezimakethe. Kwabathumeli abavela esisekelweni sethu sokukhiqiza, ukuqonda lezi zidingo kuyisisekelo sesu lokungenisa elisebenzayo. Ukutholwa okukodwa kokungalandeli imithetho kungabangela ukubuyiswa kanye nomonakalo ohlala njalo wedumela.

Sisebenzisa izinhlaka ezimbili eziyinhloko ezilawula izinto zasekhishini zokhuni: i-LFGB kanye ne-EU Regulation 1935/2004 eYurophu, kanye nemithethonqubo ye-FDA ngaphansi kwe-21 CFR e-United States. Nakuba zombili ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zokuxhumana nokudla azidluliseli izinto eziyingozi, ziyahlukahluka ngezindlela zokuhlola, imikhawulo, kanye nokuphoqelelwa. Sakhe ezakhoisitifiketi sezinto zasekhishini eziphephile ekudleniuhlelo lokuhlangana kokubili ngasikhathi sinye.

Isihloko sethu sihlanganisa imikhawulo yokufuduka kwe-formaldehyde, ukuhlolwa kokufuduka kokumboza, kanye nohlu lokuhlola amadokhumenti lwabangenisi.

Ibhodi lokusika uqalo liphephile ekudleni futhi liqinisekiswe ukuthi liyahambisana ne-LFGB kanye ne-FDA

Ibhodi lokusika uqalo lenziwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezinto zokuxhumana zokudla ze-LFGB kanye ne-FDA.

Uhlaka lwe-LFGB: Izinga Legolide LaseJalimane Lokuxhumana Nokudla

I-LFGB (Lebensmittel- und Futtermittelgesetzbuch) iyiKhodi yethu Yokudla Nokuphakelayo yaseJalimane. Sekuyindinganiso ye-EU yangempela ngoba iJalimane iyimakethe yabathengi enkulu kunazo zonke futhi izidingo ze-LFGB ziqinile kunesisekelo se-EU yonke. Imikhiqizo edlula ukuhlolwa kwe-LFGB ingathengiswa kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu e-EU.

Ithimba lethu liqinisekisa ukuthi yonke inqwaba ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zethu ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.

Umkhawulo Wokufuduka Ophelele

Isisekelo sokuhlolwa kokuxhumana kokudla kwe-LFGB umkhawulo wethu wokufuduka ophelele, ohlanganisa inani eliphelele lezinto ezingafuduka zisuka ezintweni zokuxhumana kokudla ziye ezimulini zokudla noma ezimulini zokudla ku-10 mg/dm2. Lo mkhawulo usebenza kuzo zonke izinto zokuxhumana kokudla kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zakhiwe kanjani, okuhlanganisa ukhuni, uqalo, ipulasitiki, izinsimbi, kanye nezinto zobumba. Ezitsheni zasekhishini zokhuni, ukuhlolwa kokufuduka okuvamile kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izimulini zokudla ezichazwe kuUmthethonqubo we-EU 1935/2004, okuhlanganisa amanzi acwengekile, isixazululo se-acetic acid esingu-3%, isixazululo se-ethanol esingu-10%, kanye namafutha omnqumo, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lokudla umkhiqizo ohloselwe ukuthintana nalo.

Senza ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa esikhungweni sethu ngaphambi kokuthumela ngaphandle.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezinzwa

Isici esiyingqayizivele sokuhlolwa kwe-LFGB yisidingo sokuhlolwa kwezinzwa, esihlola ukuthi umkhiqizo unikeza noma yiliphi iphunga noma ukunambitheka okungajwayelekile ekudleni. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezitsheni zasekhishini zokhuni, njengoba ukhuni lwemvelo kanye ne-bamboo kungakhipha amakhemikhali emvelo aguquguqukayo athinta izakhiwo zezinzwa zokudla. Imikhiqizo edlula ukuhlolwa kokufuduka kwamakhemikhali kodwa yehluleke ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa ayikwazi ukuthola isitifiketi se-LFGB. Inqubo yethu yokukhiqiza eyimfihlo ifaka isigaba sokoma esilawulwayo kanye nokwelashwa esinciphisa amakhemikhali asele aguquguqukayo ekudleni kwethu.Imikhiqizo yoqalo oluqinisekiswe yi-FSC, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuvumelanayo kwemizwa kulo lonke uhla lwemikhiqizo yethu.

Izidingo ze-FDA: Izaziso Zokuxhumana Nokudla ezingama-21 CFR

E-US, izinto zokuxhumana nokudla zilawulwa ngaphansi koMthetho Wokudla, Izidakamizwa, kanye Nezimonyo Kahulumeni, kanye nemithethonqubo ethile kuIzingxenye ezingu-21 ze-CFR kusukela ku-175 kuya ku-178Ngokungafani nomkhawulo wokufuduka we-EU jikelele, i-FDA ihlola izinto ngendlela ngayinye, icabangela izinto ezikhona, izinhlobo zokudla, kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa.

Ithimba lethu lokuthobela imithetho lilandelela izimfuneko ze-FDA zemikhiqizo yethu.

21 CFR 175.300: Izembozo ze-Resinous ne-Polymeric

Ezitsheni zethu zasekhishini zokhuni ezinezimbozo, i-21 CFR 175.300 ibeka imikhawulo yokukhipha kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokudla. Izimbozo zethu ezisekelwe emanzini emikhiqizweni yethu zihlangabezana nale mikhawulo kuzo zonke izigaba zokudla.

Ngokuvamile Kuqashelwa Njengesimo Esiphephile (i-GRAS)

Izinkuni kanye noqalo esimweni sazo semvelo ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengokuphephile kokuxhumana nokudla futhi akudingi imvume ethile ye-FDA ngaphambi kwemakethe. Kodwa-ke, lesi simo se-GRAS sisebenza kuphela ezintweni zethu zokusetshenziswa. Uma sekusetshenziswe izinti zokunamathela, ukumboza, ukuqeda, noma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha, umkhiqizo wethu oqediwe kumele uhlolwe ukuthi uyahambisana yini nemithethonqubo yethu ye-CFR engu-21 esebenzayo.Izithako zokudla ze-FDA kanye nokupakishwaIsigaba sinikeza imibhalo yesiqondiso esiza abangenisi ukuthi banqume ukuthi yimiphi imithethonqubo esebenza emikhiqizweni yabo ethile. Abangenisi abathumela imikhiqizo emakethe yase-US kufanele bacele imibiko yokuhlola evela emalabhorethri agunyaziwe abhekana ngqo nezidingo ze-CFR ezingama-21 ezisebenza ekwakhiweni kwezinto zomkhiqizo wabo kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe.

Imikhawulo Yokufuduka Kwe-Formaldehyde: Izinombolo Ezibalulekile

I-Formaldehyde iqashwe ngokucophelela ekuhambisaneni nemishini yokhuni ngoba ingaba khona ezintweni zokunamathisela, ezimbozweni, nanjengento eyenzeka ngokwemvelo kwezinye izinhlobo zezinkuni. Bobabili abalawuli be-EU kanye ne-US bamise imikhawulo eqinile yokufuduka.

Uhlaka Lokulawula	Umkhawulo Wokufuduka Kwe-Formaldehyde	Izinga Lokuhlola	Isifanekiso Sokudla
Umthethonqubo we-EU 1935/2004	15 mg/kg i-simulant yokudla	Uchungechunge lwe-EN 1186	Amanzi, i-acetic acid engu-3%
I-LFGB yaseJalimane (BfR)	15 mg/kg (ezinye izigaba ezingaphansi)	I-DIN EN 1186 / LMBG B 82.10	Amanzi, i-acetic acid engu-3%
I-FDA 21 CFR	Ukuhlolwa kwecala ngalinye	Izinqubo ze-ASTM / FDA	Kuyahlukahluka ngohlobo lokudla
I-China GB 4806	15 mg/kg (ye-bamboo/yokhuni)	I-GB 31604.48	i-acetic acid engu-4%

Umkhawulo wokufuduka kwe-EU formaldehyde ongu-15 mg/kg usebenza lapho umkhiqizo uhlolwa kusetshenziswa ama-simulants okudla achazwe kuUmthethonqubo we-EU 1935/2004kanye nezimo zethu zokuhlola ezichazwe ochungechungeni lwe-EN 1186. Ngemikhiqizo ehloselwe ukusetshenziswa nazo zonke izinhlobo zokudla, ukuhlolwa kuvame ukwenziwa ngezihlanganisi zokudla zamanzi nezinamafutha ukuze kuhlanganiswe lonke uhla lwezimo ezingaba khona zokuthintana nokudla.I-German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)inikeza imibono eyengeziwe yesayensi kanye nezincomo ezivame ukwazisa izincazelo ezilandelanayo kakhulu zale mingcele.

Kumabhodi okusika uqalo, ingozi ye-formaldehyde ivela kakhulu ku-glue esetshenziswa ekugayweni, hhayi ezintweni zoqalo ngokwalo. Ukusebenzisa izinamathiselo zezinga lokudla kuqeda le ngozi emthonjeni.

Ukuhlolwa Kokufuduka Kokumboza Kwemikhiqizo Ene-Lacquered Ne-Varnished

Imikhiqizo eminingi yekhishi yokhuni ithola izembozo zobuso ukuze ithuthukise ukubukeka nokuqina. Lezi zembozo zethula izidingo ezengeziwe zokuthobela imithetho njengemithombo engaba khona yokufuduka kwamakhemikhali.

Sihlola imikhiqizo yethu embozwe ngendwangu sisebenzisa izinqubo ezijwayelekile.

Ukuhlolwa Kokufuduka Kokumboza kwe-EU

E-EU, izitsha zasekhishini ezenziwe ngokhuni ezimboziwe kumele zihlolwe ukufuduka okuphelele ngokusho kwe-EN 1186-1, echaza izindlela zokuhlola, ama-simulants, kanye nezimo. Umkhawulo wokufuduka jikelele we-10 mg/dm2 usebenza enanini eliphelele lezinto ezifudukayo zisuka endaweni yokumboza. Ngaphezu kokufuduka okuphelele, ukuhlolwa kokufuduka okuthile kuyadingeka ezintweni ezinemikhawulo yokufuduka ngayinye, njenge-formaldehyde, izinsimbi ezisindayo (i-lead, i-cadmium, i-chromium), kanye nama-aromatic amine ayinhloko.Imikhiqizo yabathengi be-Interteki-division kanye nezinye i-laboratory ezigunyaziwe zenza lezi zivivinyo zisebenzisa izinqubo ezijwayelekile eziqinisekisa ukuphindaphindwa kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwemiphumela.

Ukuhlolwa Kokumboza Kwe-FDA

Ngaphansi kwe-FDA 21 CFR 175.300, izembozo ziyahlolwa ukuze kutholakale izinto ezikhipha ukudla ezisebenzisa izinyibilikisi ezifanela ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo wethu. Imikhawulo yezembozo iyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lokudla: amanzi acwengekile ekudleni okunamanzi, i-ethanol engu-8% ekudleni okunotshwala, kanye ne-n-heptane noma ezinye izinto ezikhipha ukudla okunamafutha ekudleni okunamafutha. Izimo zokuhlola, kufaka phakathi izinga lokushisa kanye nobude besikhathi, zichazwe ngokusekelwe ezimweni zokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo ezihloselwe. Kumabhodi okusika angasetshenziswa nokudla okushisayo, ukuhlolwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kuyadingeka. Izembozo zethu ezizimele zakhiwe futhi zahlolwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemikhawulo yethu eqinile yezembozo kuzo zonke izigaba zokudla, ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho yemikhiqizo yethu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani ekugcineni. Abathumeli bethu bangacelaimibhalo yokuthobela imithethongemigqa ethile yomkhiqizo.

Uhlu Lokuhlola Amadokhumenti Lwabathumeli Bempahla Be-EU Nabase-US

Abangenisi bathwala umthwalo wemfanelo osemthethweni wokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zasekhishini zokhuni abaziletha emakethe ye-EU noma yase-US zihambisana nayo yonke imithethonqubo efanele yezinto zokuxhumana zokudla. Ukugcina iphakheji ephelele neyamanje yamadokhumenti kubalulekile ekuboniseni ukuthobela iziphathimandla zokuqapha imakethe kanye nokuvikela ezenzweni zokuphoqelela ezingaba khona.

Imibhalo Eyisikhombisa Ebalulekile

Ama-Data Sheet Okuphepha Kwezinto (MSDS) azo zonke izinto zokusetshenziswa okuhlanganisa izinhlobo zokhuni, uqalo, izinamathiseli, izembozo, kanye nokuqedwa. Le mibhalo ikhomba ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwento ngayinye kanye nanoma yiziphi izinto eziyingozi ezikhona.
Imibiko Yokuhlolwa Kokufuduka evela emalabhorethri agunyaziwe (LFGB, FDA 21 CFR, noma kokubili), ehlanganisa ukufuduka okuphelele, ukufuduka kwe-formaldehyde, kanye nokufuduka okuthile kwanoma yiziphi izinto ezivinjelwe ezitholwe ekwakhiweni kwezinto.
Isimemezelo Sokuhambisana Nemithetho Se-EU (i-DoC) sezimakethe zaseYurophu, esiqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uyahambisana noMthethonqubo 1935/2004 kanye nanoma yiziphi izinyathelo ezithile ezisebenzayo. I-DoC kumele ihlonze umkhiqizo, umenzi, imithethonqubo yethu esebenzayo, kanye nemibiko yokuhlola lapho isimemezelo sisekelwe khona.
Isitifiketi Sokugcinwa Kwe-FSC Chain uma umkhiqizo uthengiswa njengovela ngendlela eqhubekayo. Isitifiketi sethu se-FSC sihlanganisa imikhiqizo yokhuni, uqalo, kanye nephepha ngaphansi kwe-FSC-STD-40-004 v. 3.0.
Umbiko Wokuhlolwa Kwemboni oqinisekisa ukunamathela emikhubeni emihle yokukhiqiza (i-GMP) njengoba kuchaziwe kuMthethonqubo we-EU 2023/2006. Lo mbiko kufanele uhlanganise izinqubo zokukhiqiza, izinhlelo zokulawula ikhwalithi, kanye nezinqubo zokulandelela.
Amashidi Okucaciswa Komkhiqizo anezinhlanganisela zezinto eziningiliziwe, ubukhulu, izimo zokusetshenziswa ezihlosiwe, kanye nanoma yiluphi ulwazi lobuchwepheshe olufanele. Lawa mashidi asebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kokukhiqizwa komkhiqizi kanye namarekhodi okuthobela umthetho womthumeli.
Imibiko Yokuhlolwa Kwezidakamizwa Ezinqunyelwe zezinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-phthalates, amadayi e-azo, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izinto ezinqunyelwe ngaphansi kwe-EU REACH, i-California Proposition 65, noma eminye imithethonqubo esebenzayo ezimakethe eziqondiwe zomthumeli wethu.

Sigcina amaphakheji aphelele emibhalo yayo yonke imikhiqizo yethu futhi siwabuyekeza minyaka yonke ukuze abonise noma yiziphi izinguquko emithethweni noma ekutholakaleni kwezinto. Ithimba lethu lekhwalithi lisebenza nama-laboratory agunyaziwe okuhlanganisaI-Bureau Veritaskanye ne-Intertek ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imibiko yethu yokuhlola ihlangabezana nezidingo zezimakethe ezifuna kakhulu.

Ukukhetha AmaLabhoratri Okuhlola Agunyaziwe

Ukwethembeka kwamadokhumenti okuhambisana nomthetho kuncike ekuqinisekisweni kwelabhorethri. Iziphathimandla zokuqapha imakethe zinikeza imibiko evela kumalabhorethri aqashelwa emhlabeni wonke inhlonipho enkulu.

Sisebenzisana nama-lab agunyaziwe ukuze sithole imibiko yethu yokuhlolwa.

Okufanele Ukubheke Kumlingani Wokuhlola

Lapho bekhetha ilabhorethri yokuhlola izinto zokuxhumana nokudla, abangenisi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi ilabhorethri inesitifiketi se-ISO 17025 sezindlela ezithile zokuhlola ezidingekayo, inesipiliyoni ngesigaba somkhiqizo esivivinywayo (izinto zasekhishini zokhuni zidinga ukulungiswa kwesampula okukhethekile kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola), inikeza imibiko yokuhlola ecacile nenemininingwane efaka zonke izinhlaka zokuhlola ezifanele (i-simulant, izinga lokushisa, ubude, ubukhulu besampula), futhi ingakhipha imibiko ngefomethi eyamukelwe yiziphathimandla ezilawulayo emakethe eqondiwe yomngenisi. Ngemikhiqizo eyenzelwe izimakethe ze-EU kanye ne-US, ukukhetha ilabhorethri engakhipha imibiko ehlangabezana nezidingo ze-LFGB kanye ne-FDA ohlelweni olulodwa lokuhlola kunciphisa izindleko futhi kwenza kube lula ukuphathwa kwemibhalo.

Izingibe Ezivamile Zokuthobela Imithetho Nendlela Yokuzigwema

Ngisho nabangenisi abanolwazi bangawela ezingibeni zokuthobela imithetho eziholela ekubambezelekeni okubizayo, ukwenqatshwa kwemikhiqizo, noma ukuhoxiswa kwemakethe. Sithole izingibe zethu ezivame kakhulu ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu kokukhonza abangenisi emazweni angaphezu kwama-30.

Uhlelo lwethu lwekhwalithi lubhekana nezihibe ezivela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu kokuthumela kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuhlola Izinto Ezingavuthiwe Kuphela

Sibona iphutha elivamile: ukuhlola kuphela izinto zokhuni noma ze-bamboo ngaphandle kokufaka ingcina yethu, i-coating, kanye ne-finish kusampula yokuhlola. Ukuhambisana nokuxhumana kokudla kusebenza kumkhiqizo wethu oqediwe njengoba uzosetshenziswa, hhayi ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ngazinye. Ibhodi lokusika elidlula ukuhlolwa kokufuduka kwe-formaldehyde njenge-bamboo engenalutho lingase lihluleke uma lihlolwa ngezingqimba ze-glue kanye ne-coating. Sihlola imikhiqizo yethu eqediwe, hhayi izinto zethu zokusetshenziswa kuphela.

Ukungazinaki Izimfuneko Eziqondene Nezwe

Nakuba ukuhlolwa kwe-LFGB ngokuvamile kwanelisa izidingo zawo wonke amazwe angamalungu e-EU, amanye amazwe anezidingo ezengeziwe zezwe. IFrance, isibonelo, inezidingo ezithile zezinto ezithintana nokudla ezidlula uhlaka lwethu lwe-EU lonke. I-Italy neSpain nazo zinezinhlinzeko zezwe ezingasebenza ezigabeni ezithile zemikhiqizo. Abangenisi kufanele bacwaninge ngezidingo zethu ezithile zemakethe ngayinye eqondiwe kunokucabanga ukuthi ukuthobela imithetho ye-EU lonke kwanele.

Imibiko Yokuhlolwa Ephelelwe Yisikhathi

Ukusebenzisa imibiko yokuhlola eneminyaka eminingana kungaba yinkinga uma umenzi wethu eshintshe abahlinzeki bezinto zokusetshenziswa, amafomula okunamathela, noma izinhlelo zokumboza kusukela kwenziwa ukuhlolwa. Sincoma ukuthi abangenisi baqinisekise nomhlinzeki wabo ukuthi ukwakheka komkhiqizo wethu akukashintshi selokhu kwakhishwa imibiko yokuhlola, nokuthi balondoloze isimiso sokuhlolwa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile.

Indima Yesitifiketi se-FSC Kusu Lokuthobela Imithetho

Isitifiketi se-FSC siyadingeka kakhulu emakethe ezindaweni zokuthengisa zaseYurophu, lapho izitolo ezifana ne-Aldi, i-Lidl, ne-Carrefour zizibophezela emikhiqizweni etholakala ngendlela eqhubekayo. Nakuba singakhulumi ngqo ngokuphepha kokuxhumana kokudla, i-FSC idlala indima ebalulekile esu lokuthobela imithetho jikelele.

OkwethuIsitifiketi se-FSC Chain of Custodyihlanganisa ukuthengwa kwethu kanye nokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yokhuni, uqalo, kanye nephepha ngaphansi kwe-FSC-STD-40-004 v. 3.0, kanti isitifiketi sethu se-Global Recycled Standard (GRS) sengeza ungqimba olwengeziwe lokuqinisekiswa kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa. Kwabangenisi, lezi zitifiketi zinikeza isiqinisekiso sokuthi izinto ezikumkhiqizo zingalandelelwa emuva emthonjeni wazo, okusekela izidingo zemibhalo yezinto ezibonakalayo zezinhlelo zokuthobela imithetho ze-LFGB kanye ne-FDA. Ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlolwa kokuxhumana kokudla kanye nesitifiketi sokusimama kudala iphakheji ephelele yokuthobela imithetho ebhekana nezinkinga zokuphepha kanye nezemvelo.

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Uyini umehluko phakathi kokuhlolwa kokuxhumana kokudla kwe-LFGB kanye ne-FDA kwezinto zasekhishini zokhuni?

I-LFGB yiKhodi Yokudla Nokuphakelayo yaseJalimane (Lebensmittel- und Futtermittelgesetzbuch), ebeka ezinye zezindinganiso eziqinile kakhulu zezinto zokuxhumana zokudla e-European Union. Ezitsheni zasekhishini zokhuni, ukuhlolwa kwe-LFGB kugxile ekufudukeni kwe-formaldehyde, imikhawulo yokufuduka iyonke, kanye nokuhlolwa kwezinzwa (iphunga nokudluliselwa kokunambitha). Ukuthobela i-FDA e-United States kulawulwa yi-Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, enemithethonqubo ethile ngaphansi kwezingxenye ezingama-21 ze-CFR 175-178 ezihlanganisa izithasiselo zokudla ezingaqondile okuhlanganisa ukumbozwa, izinamathiseli, nama-polymer angathinta ukudla. Umehluko oyinhloko ukuthi i-LFGB isebenzisa umkhawulo owodwa wokufuduka ojwayelekile ongu-10 mg/dm2 kuzo zonke izinto zokuxhumana kokudla, kuyilapho i-FDA ihlola izinto ngokwamacala ngokusebenzisa Izaziso Zokuxhumana Nokudla noma i-Threshold of Regulation exemptions. Kwabangenisi abathumela kuzo zombili izimakethe, sincoma ukuhlolwa ngokumelene nezindinganiso ze-LFGB kanye ne-FDA ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze kugwenywe izindleko zokuhlola eziphindaphindwayo futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthobela kuzo zombili izindawo.

Iyini imikhawulo yokufuduka kwe-formaldehyde yamabhodi okusika okhuni ngaphansi kwe-LFGB?

Ngaphansi kwe-LFGB kanye nohlaka olubanzi lwe-EU Regulation 1935/2004, ukufuduka kwe-formaldehyde kusuka ezitsheni zasekhishini zokhuni akumele kudlule imingcele ethile uma kuhlolwa ngokwezindinganiso ze-EN 1186. Ezintweni zokhuni ezenzelwe ukuthintana nokudla, umkhawulo wokufuduka kwe-formaldehyde uvame ukusethwa ku-15 mg/kg we-simulant yokudla, okuhambisana nezidingo ze-EU Directive 2023/1435. I-German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) inikeza izincomo ezengeziwe ezivame ukuba nzima kunezidingo ze-EU. Kumabhodi okusika e-bamboo nawokhuni, i-formaldehyde ingaba khona kuma-adhesive asetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokubopha noma ekumbozweni kobuso. Sihlola wonke amabhodi ethu okusika ngokumelene nemikhawulo ye-EU-wide kanye nezincomo ze-BfR eziqinile, siqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yethu ihlangabezana nezidingo zezimakethe zaseYurophu ezifuna kakhulu. Abangenisi kufanele bacele imibiko yokuhlola ukufuduka kwe-formaldehyde eqhutshwa amalabhorethri agunyaziwe besebenzisa ama-simulant ethu athile okudla afanele ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe komkhiqizo wabo.

Ingabe amabhodi okusika uqalo adinga imvume ye-FDA ukuze athengiswe e-United States?

Amabhodi okusika uqalo awadingi ukuvunyelwa yi-FDA ngaphambi kokumaketha, kodwa kumele ahambisane nemithethonqubo ye-FDA yezinto zokuxhumana nokudla. Ngaphansi kwe-21 CFR 170.39, izinto ezivame ukuqashelwa njengeziphephile (i-GRAS) zokusetshenziswa kokuxhumana nokudla azidingi Isaziso Sokuxhumana Nokudla. Kodwa-ke, amabhodi okusika uqalo asebenzisa izinamathiselo, izimbozo, noma iziqedi kumele ahambisane nemithethonqubo esebenzayo ku-21 CFR Parts 175 (izithasiselo zokudla ezingaqondile: izinamathiselo nezingxenye zezimbozo) kanye no-176 (izithasiselo zokudla ezingaqondile: izingxenye zephepha nebhodi lephepha). Umngenisi unesibophezelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho, okuvame ukuhilela ukuthola imibiko yokuhlola evela emalabhorethri agunyaziwe abonisa ukuthi umkhiqizo awudluliseli izinto eziyingozi ekudleni ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokusetshenziswa. Sinikeza imibhalo ephelele yokuthobela imithetho yayo yonke imikhiqizo yethu yasekhishini ephephile yokudla ethunyelwa emakethe yase-US, kufaka phakathi imibiko yokuhlola ebhekana nezidingo ze-FDA 21 CFR.

Yiziphi izivivinyo zokufuduka kokumboza ezidingekayo ezitsheni zasekhishini zokhuni ezifakwe i-lacquer noma i-varnish?

Izitsha zasekhishini ezenziwe ngokhuni ezicwebezelayo noma ezivanishiwe zidinga ukuhlolwa kokufuduka kokumboza ngaphansi kohlaka lwe-LFGB kanye ne-FDA. E-EU, ukuhlolwa kwethu okuyinhloko ukuhlolwa kokufuduka okuphelele okwenziwa ngokwe-EN 1186-1, okulinganisa inani eliphelele lezinto ezifuduka zisuka kokumboza ziye kuma-simulants okudla (ngokuvamile amanzi acwebezelwe, i-3% acetic acid, i-10% ethanol, namafutha omnqumo) ngaphansi kwezimo zesikhathi esichaziwe kanye nezinga lokushisa. Umkhawulo wokufuduka jikelele ungu-10 mg/dm2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kokufuduka okuthile kwezinto ezikhathazayo, njenge-formaldehyde, izinsimbi ezisindayo, kanye nama-aromatic amine ayinhloko, kuyadingeka. Ngaphansi kwe-FDA 21 CFR 175.300, ukumboza kumele kuhlangabezane nemikhawulo yokukhipha ehluka ngokuya ngohlobo lokudla (olunamanzi, olune-asidi, olunotshwala, noma olunamafutha) kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa ezihlosiwe (izinga lokushisa, isikhathi sokuxhumana). Emikhiqizweni yethu, sisebenzisa ukumboza okusekelwe emanzini okwenzelwe ngqo ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ze-LFGB kanye ne-FDA, futhi sinikeza imibiko yokuhlola evela kuma-laboratories agunyaziwe ebhentshini ngalinye lomkhiqizo.

Yimaphi amadokhumenti okuthobela imithetho okufanele athunyelwe yi-EU kubaphakeli bezinto zasekhishini zokhuni zaseShayina?

Abangenisi be-EU kufanele bacele iphakheji ephelele yamadokhumenti kubahlinzeki babo bezinto zasekhishini zokhuni baseShayina ehlanganisa ukuphepha kwezinto, ukuthobela imithetho, kanye nokulandelelwa kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa. Imibhalo ebalulekile ifaka: (1) Amashidi edatha yokuphepha kwezinto zazo zonke izinto zokusetshenziswa okuhlanganisa ukhuni, uqalo, izinamathiselo, ukumbozwa, kanye nokuqedwa; (2) Imibiko yokuhlola ye-LFGB evela kuma-laboratories agunyaziwe njenge-SGS, i-Intertek, noma i-Bureau Veritas, ehlanganisa ukufuduka okuphelele, ukufuduka kwe-formaldehyde, kanye nokufuduka okuthile kwezinto ezinqunyelwe; (3) Isimemezelo Sokuvumelana se-EU (DoC) esiqinisekisa ukulandelwa koMthethonqubo 1935/2004 kanye nanoma yiziphi izinyathelo ezithile ezisebenzayo njengoMthethonqubo 10/2011 wezinto zepulasitiki; (4) Isitifiketi se-FSC Chain of Custody uma umkhiqizo uthengiswa njengovela ngendlela eqhubekayo; (5) Imibiko yokuhlola yasefektri eqinisekisa ukunamathela emikhubeni emihle yokukhiqiza (GMP) njengoba kuchaziwe kuMthethonqubo 2023/2006; (6) Amashidi okucaciswa komkhiqizo anezinhlanganisela zezinto ezinemininingwane; kanye (7) Imibiko yokuhlola yezinto ezithile ezinqunyelwe njengezinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-phthalates, kanye nama-azo dyes. Sigcina amaphakheji aphelele emibhalo yayo yonke imikhiqizo yethu futhi singawanikeza abathumeli bethu baseYurophu uma becela.

Ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana nemishini yokhuni kufanele kuvuselelwe kangaki?

Ukuhlolwa kokuthobela imithetho yezinto zasekhishini zokhuni kufanele kuvuselelwe noma nini lapho kukhona ushintsho ekwakhiweni komkhiqizo wethu, ukwakheka kwezinto, inqubo yokukhiqiza, noma umhlinzeki wezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngisho nangaphandle kwezinguquko, sincoma ukuvuselelwa kwaminyaka yonke kokuhlolwa kokuthobela imithetho ukuze kubhekwe ukushintshashintsha okungenzeka kwekhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokuhlala kusesikhathini nezidingo zomthetho ezishintshayo. Ngemikhiqizo ethunyelwa e-EU, umngenisi unesibopho ngokomthetho sokuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho okuqhubekayo, futhi iziphathimandla zokuqapha imakethe zingacela imibiko yokuhlola ebuyekeziwe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. E-United States, yize kungekho mfuneko yokuvuselela esemthethweni, i-FDA ilindele ukuthi izinto zokuxhumana nokudla ziqhubeke nokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezisebenzayo kuyo yonke impilo yazo yemakethe. Sigcina ishejuli yokuhlola yayo yonke imikhiqizo yethu ehlanganisa ukuvuselelwa kwaminyaka yonke kwemibiko yokuhlola ebalulekile, kanye nokuhlolwa okwengeziwe okubangelwa yinoma yiziphi izinguquko eketangeni lethu lokuhlinzeka noma izinqubo zokukhiqiza. Le ndlela yokuqapha iqinisekisa ukuthi abangenisi bethu bahlala benamadokhumenti amanje okuthobela imithetho atholakalayo.

Ingabe imikhiqizo ye-bamboo eqinisekiswe yi-FSC ingenza lula inqubo yokuthobela imithetho ye-LFGB noma ye-FDA?

Isitifiketi se-FSC asilula ngokuqondile inqubo yokuthobela i-LFGB noma i-FDA, njengoba lezi zitifiketi zibhekana nezici ezahlukene zomkhiqizo. Isitifiketi se-FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) siqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zokhuni noma ze-bamboo zivela emahlathini aphethwe ngokuzibophezela nokuthi uchungechunge lokugcinwa lugcinwa kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthobela i-LFGB kanye ne-FDA kugxile ekuphepheni kokudla kanye nezakhiwo zokufuduka kwamakhemikhali zomkhiqizo oqediwe. Kodwa-ke, isitifiketi se-FSC singasekela ngokungaqondile inqubo yokuthobela imithetho ngezindlela eziningana. Okokuqala, abahlinzeki abaqinisekiswe yi-FSC bavame ukuba nemikhuba engcono yokubhala imibhalo kanye nezintambo zokuhlinzeka ezisobala, okwenza kube lula ukulandelela imvelaphi yezinto ezibonakalayo nokuthola idatha yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezidingekayo ekuhlolweni kokuxhumana kokudla. Okwesibili, inqubo yokuhlola i-FSC ivame ukuhlangana nezidingo zesistimu yokuphatha ikhwalithi, ezingasekela imikhuba emihle yokukhiqiza edingekayo ngaphansi koMthethonqubo we-EU 2023/2006. Okwesithathu, isitifiketi se-FSC sengeza inani lemakethe, ikakhulukazi eziteshini zokuthengisa zaseYurophu lapho iziqinisekiso zokuzinza zithinta khona izinqumo zokuthenga. Isitifiketi sethu se-FSC, esihlanganiswe nokuhlolwa kwethu kokuxhumana kokudla, sinikeza abangenisi kokubili iziqinisekiso zokuzinza kanye nokuphepha.

Qaphela: Imikhiqizo yethu ye-YAWEN ikhiqizwa endaweni yethu eqinisekisiwe. Sihlola yonke imikhiqizo yethu ngokumelene nezindinganiso ze-LFGB kanye ne-FDA. Sihlinzeka ngemibhalo yethu ephelele yokuthobela imithetho kubathumeli bethu. Xhumana nethimba lethu ukuze uthole izidingo zakho zokuthobela imithetho.

URay Zhang

Umphathi Wokuthekelisa e-Ningbo Yawen International Trading Co., Ltd.

Njengoba eneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 yesipiliyoni embonini yokuthumela impahla yasekhishini, uRay uphatha izinhlelo zokuthobela imithetho kanye nezitifiketi ze-YAWEN ezimakethe kulo lonke elaseYurophu, e-United States, eJapane nase-Australia. Usebenzisana eduze nama-laboratory okuhlola agunyaziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imikhiqizo ye-YAWEN ihlangabezana nezidingo zokuphepha kokudla kwesisekelo samakhasimende ethu omhlaba wonke. URay uneziqu ze-International Trade ezivela eNyuvesi yaseNingbo futhi uqede ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile emithethweni yokuxhumana nokudla.

Xhumana noRay Ifomu Lokubuza

Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-21-2026